In the history of the psychoanalytic movement no concept has probably
undergone such a complex and profound evolution as the transference. In the
beginning, the transference is for Freud, only a form of displacement of the
affect from one mental representation to another, and the preference for the
screen constituted by the analyst is due to the fact that he represents a kind
of ‘day's residue’ always at the subject’s disposition and that this type of
transference favours the resistance inasmuch as the action of making clear the
repressed desire is more difficult if it must be done directly to the person
concerned.
As we can see, the transference is essentially conceived as resistance
tending to hide the true nature of infantile phantasies projected onto the
analyst (S. Freud, Studies On Hysteria, 1893-95).
The successive development of the Freudian theory moves away from this
first formulation, to deepen itself. Passing through the theorisations gathered in the work “The Dynamics Of
Transference, 1912” in which the libido investment of “infantile prototypes”
and “crushproof clichés” existing in the subject is explicitly mentioned for
the first time, we arrive at the essentially energetic conception, illustrated
in “Beyond The Pleasure Principle , 1920” in which
Freud brings the transference back to that general tendency of the living
matter to reconstruct, through repetition, the traumatic events, with the
omnipotent aim of reaching the pre-traumatic stasis.
I briefly reported such a development since many psychoanalysts demonstrate,
in their theorisations and in their clinical reports, to conform themselves to
the initial Freudian formulation, probably because it is more in keeping with
an omnipotent vision of the psychoanalytic enterprise. I believe that rather
frequent affirmations, such as “to activate”, “to create”, “to manipulate the
transference” are a sort of litmus paper of such a reductionistic vision which
leads to a dangerous underestimation of the phenomenon.
If one only considers the difficulties that are normally encountered in
leading the infantile nuclei which is dislocated to the present time and
actualised, back to the analytic observation, for instance, in an amorous
relationship with a partner, one could easily realise that nothing of which is
already potential between the analyst and patient, is
created inside the psychoanalytic relation. And that which is created, at least
until the transferal dynamic has not been brought to the consciousness and
sufficiently metabolised, is totally conditioned by the phylogenetic images
which are present in the psychic ground of the two people in interaction.
As Nicola Peluffo makes clear in “Immagine e Fotografia” (1984) “The relation with the object is always internal and
under the pressure of an external stimulus, one of the facets of such a
relationship (affect and representation) is projected to the outside and gives
an affective intonation to the situation of daily life relations (see what
happens in the transference)”. What else could Freud have intended, when in ““The Dynamics Of
Transference”, he affirms: “When
all the composite material in the field of the complex is suitable to be transferred to the
psychoanalyst figure, such transference takes place” if not that, a
homogeneity between the images activated in the psyche of the two subjects in
relation is reached through the agency of chance or attempt?
In the light of these considerations we understand why Silvio Fanti insists on reaffirming the idea that “everything we indicate with the term of transference
is unconscious” (this was a personal
communication in 1987), in other terms, to underline that we are totally
influenced by the transferral dynamics of the psychic images and that the possible conscious elaboration of such a dynamic can only be made with
hindsight.
On the other hand, Jung had already summarised the essentials of these aspects in “The Psychology of the
Transference” (1946): “In
the act in which the patient transfers to the doctor a content activated by the
unconscious, through the inductive action which is always freed in a large or
small measure from the projections, even in the doctor the corresponding
unconscious material is constellated. In this way the psychoanalyst and the
patient find themselves in a relation founded on a common unconsciousness”.
So, the aim of the psychoanalytic work and particularly of the
micropsychoanalytic one, and the actual modality with which it is realised, is
that of the observation of the repetitive dynamics up to laying them bare and
possibly obtaining the energetic abreaction of the nucleus originated by the trauma,
which determines the psycho-material form that tends to reproduce itself in the present with modalities that
are completely identical to those that it had at the moment in which the
energetic accumulation took place (N. Peluffo, “La situazione”, Bollettino n° 5 ).
Until the work of the revision of the repressed is conducted on
relatively recent ontogenetic vicissitudes (inherent to the phallic and anal
stages) usually particular precautions are not necessary; even if, for example,
for the re-activation of peculiar traumatic situations of the phallic stage,
pressures towards the punishing self-castration can be determined, so powerful
in order to cause self-wounding incidents which can be more or less serious.
(Once and for all it would be best to remember that it is not always possible,
especially in serious cases, to bind the patient to the memory and to the
elaboration, rather than the acting out!).
In the moment in which such
functional dynamics are re-activated they can trigger disastrous defensive
mechanisms which can even endanger the subject’s life.
I would now like to widen the discussion to enter into a
phylogenetic prospective; to do this I would like to describe that which I
retain to be a truly symptomatic stigma that I have constantly found in
psychotic or border-line patients whom I have treated. When the analysis
deepens until laying bare the ontogenetic conflictual nuclei, I have noticed
the apparition of the following phenomenon in the material, in a dream form or
during the course of associations: the patient begins saying that he is about to verbalise the
essence of the nightmare of his
existence and he describes the approach of a monster, a devil which he tries in
every way to maintain at a distance. “It is as if we rotate
on the hinges of a door: I try to keep at a distance but then it moves closer,
closer and closer, and I am overwhelmed by a never ending horror and by the
desire to kill, so as to free myself. If one day I could manage to break this
vicious circle I would heal forever”. (a young woman suffering from a serious paranoiac syndrome).
In this context I am not interested in interpreting the collected
material, moreover in underlining the fact that I have always been stricken by
this circular dynamic, by this elementary escape attempt. I would like to
reassert that, systematically, the phenomenon is
always described in these terms. Associatively the phenomenon brings to mind
the Moro reflex which I have seen many times in the newborns that I have
observed during the course of my medical experience: in response to a stimulus
which can be a bang to the worktop on which the newborn is placed, this makes a
start and abducts its arms widening the fingers in a fan-shape, then the
newborn flexes and draws its arms back to the body with a characteristic
movement of embracing, making an arched line in the air.
“...It is the Moro
response, a ‘primitive’ residue of something which belongs to our distant past,
a ‘reflex’ that nowadays has no utility and that, in a few weeks’ time, will
disappear into the confused fog of our biological origins” (R. Restak, The Infant
Mind, 1987).
I believe that the Moro reflex is the expression of an adversative
defence reflex which expresses a double attempt: to move away from the stimulus
and contemporarily, to close oneself in one’s own microcosmic sphere; the somatic
equivalent of that unconscious desire of “the return to an annular shape which
encloses in itself the cosmos” that N. Peluffo brings
to light in “Micropsicoanalisi dei processi di trasformazione”
(1976).
But let’s return to the psychic dynamics described
which I denominate “the cyclic movement of the persecutory image”. Substantially, it is a question of
re-presentation of the trauma’s image that, bear in mind, can be activated by
any transferential situation which, eluding the fragile defences of the
dismembered Ego of the psychotic subject, determines a traumatic penetration of
the object (the psychoanalyst, the partner, the group, etc.) in the fusional maternal-foetal universe on which the psychotic
subject is fixed.
From this point of view, for instance, even though if true that on a certain level of the psychosexual structuring the paranoiac
position results to be a defence against the manifestation of denied homosexual
pressures, on the psychic ground level the paranoiac position is the
phylogenetic precipitate of the failure of transgenerational attempts of permitting the entrance of the Other into the fusional rapport. At this point it is necessary to bear in mind that the transference,
as well as reactivating the infantile, uterine and phylogenetic images, also
reactivates the same defence attempts, which were put into act initially.
We can hypothesise (and sometimes verify) that in the genealogical
patrimony of these subjects, traumatic situations have
actually happened that being able to determine the destruction of the
individual, evoked defensive responses which contemplated the necessity to
kill.
A response that, on the Id level, to make it clear, can be found in the
mind of the normal subject every time the phylogenetic Image manifests itself
with the frightening power of its silence.
Obviously, the defence mechanisms of the Ego modulate the response and
elaborate it with the price of toughening-up of the iconic screens and the
character structure. For the
psychotic subject, who does not possess these ‘superior‘ responses, the acting
out or, more frequently, the escape, the narcissistic withdrawal of the Libido from the reality and the denial, are the only possibilities. It seems,
therefore, that in the psychotic subject the psychic equivalent of the Moro
reflex does not disappear in order to leave space for less dramatic defensive
processes.
If the micropsychoanalysis of the neurotic subject has among its fundamental aim
that of making the defensive structures more elastic which enter into activity
in the relation with the Image (the “work of domesticating the Statue”, of
which N. Peluffo speaks about in “Immagine e fotografia”) the micropsychoanalytic work with
psychotic subjects has as its first result that of making this contact with the
image possible, without it determining cataclysmic phylogenetic reflexes that
the environmental situation no longer tolerates.
Now, the possibility of this happening passes through the transference
more in the case of the psychotic subject than in the neurotic one. In other
words, the patient has the need to relive the primal situation, inserting, as
lived events, the elements of novelty. Freud, with his usual efficacy writes: “... ultimately, it is impossible to destroy anyone in
‘absentia’ (absence) or in effigy”, and “The destiny of every
conflict should be resolved in the transference sphere”.
To better demonstrate this dynamic I will use a brief exposition of a
clinical case.
It is the case of a subject affected by a serious form of R. Spitz
anaclitic depression provoked by the forced separation from, and the precocious
death of his mother and partially protected by a psychotic position of denial
of the loss and from a continuous, failing and painful attempt to establish a
satisfying relationship with a young woman who represented every now and then,
for the patient, the reincarnation of his lost mother.
In an advanced stage of the treatment, the patient attempted several
times to come to terms with the denied loss, abreacting the anguish bound to
the contact with the Void and finding possible forms of existence in the new
situation in which the primal object was no longer present, attempts which
culminated in visiting the places of his infancy, this also included the visit
to the cemetery where his mother was buried.
The assistance of the analyst's Ego, together with the reinforcing of
the processes of elaboration that the young man had obtained during the long
analytic work conducted until that moment, determined for the first time the
insight of the event and triggered a surely lacerating and painful elaboration
of the mourning, but vital.
What is interesting is that, during the interval between one session and
another of this tranche, I saw the young patient present himself in my study
stricken by the deepest agitation because, having once again met his beloved,
he had seen her like a zombie, the walking dead who terrified him.
The phase of elaboration of the insight of his mother’s death had had
the imperious necessity of transferring itself to the present in order to
exhaust itself as a lived event, and only the work of abreaction of the affect
dislocated to the actual persecutory situation, determined the end of the
energetic investment on the maternal image favouring the detachment from it.
This is a phenomenon which, even though with a proportionally reduced
intensity, demonstrates itself even
in the neurotic and normal subjects. Real existential pockets are created in
which the uterine-infantile energetic accumulation dislocates itself and only
by pushing the patient to binding his associations to the present situation,
reducing in this way the sinusoidal movement between the present and the past,
it is possible to enucleate the enclosed affect in the transferral
situation.
Scienza e Psicoanalisi